|
Eco-socialism, green socialism or socialist ecology is an ideology merging aspects of Marxism, socialism, and/or libertarian socialism with that of green politics, ecology and alter-globalization or anti-globalization. Eco-socialists generally believe that the expansion of the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion, poverty, war and environmental degradation through globalization and imperialism, under the supervision of repressive states and transnational structures. Eco-socialists advocate dismantling capitalism, focusing on common ownership of the means of production by freely associated producers, and restoring the commons.〔 == Ideology == Eco-socialists are critical of many past and existing forms of both Green politics and socialism. They are often described as "Red Greens" - adherents to Green politics with clear anti-capitalist views, often inspired by Marxism (Red Greens are in contrast to eco-capitalists and Green anarchists). The term "watermelon" is commonly applied, often pejoratively, to Greens who seem to put "social justice" goals above ecological ones, implying they are "green on the outside but red on the inside"; the term is usually attributed to either Petr Beckmann or, more frequently, Warren T. Brookes,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Rats Nest )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=No Watermelons Allowed )〕 both critics of environmentalism, and is common in Australia,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Media Watch )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Brown dismisses Govt name-calling )〕 New Zealand and the United States.〔(FrontPage magazine.com :: ''The Green Menace'' by Christopher Archangelli )〕 A New Zealand website, ''The Watermelon'', uses the term proudly, stating that it is "green on the outside and liberal on the inside", while also citing "socialist political leanings", reflecting the use of the term "liberal" to describe the left wing in many English-speaking countries.〔 Red Greens are often considered "fundies" or "fundamentalist greens", a term usually associated with Deep Ecology even though the German Green Party "fundi" faction included eco-socialists, and eco-socialists in other Green Parties, like Derek Wall, have been described in the press as fundies.〔"Triumph for 'Fundies' hits Green Party", ''Daily Mail'', 21 September 1989〕〔(Mark Lynas' ''New Statesman'' Blog - ''Even Greens need leaders'' )〕 Eco-socialists also criticise bureaucratic and elite theories of self-described socialism such as Maoism, Stalinism and what other critics have termed bureaucratic collectivism or state capitalism. Instead, eco-socialists focus on imbuing socialism with ecology while keeping the emancipatory goals of "first-epoch" socialism.〔 Eco-socialists aim for communal ownership of the means of production by "freely associated producers" with all forms of domination eclipsed, especially gender inequality and racism.〔 This often includes the restoration of commons land in opposition to private property,〔Guha, R. and Martinez-Alier, J., ''Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South'', 1997〕 in which local control of resources valorizes the Marxist concept of use value above exchange value.〔Kovel, J., ''The Enemy of Nature'', 2002.〕 Practically, eco-socialists have generated various strategies to mobilise action on an internationalist basis, developing networks of grassroots individuals and groups that can radically transform society through nonviolent "prefigurative projects" for a post-capitalist, post-statist world.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eco-socialism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|